Direct numerical simulation of viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid turbulent channel flow with heat transfer
Yang Juan-Chenga),b), Li Feng-Chen†a), Cai Wei-Huaa), Zhang Hong-Naa), Yu Boc)
       
Variations of mean temperature difference with y + for different fluid flows. (a) VBF flows with different We numbers ( Re τ = 180), (b) VFBN flows with different volume fractions of nanoparticles ( Re τ = 180), and (c) VFBN flows with different Re τ values.