Direct numerical simulation of viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid turbulent channel flow with heat transfer

Yang Juan-Cheng^a),^b), Li Feng-Chen†^a), Cai Wei-Hua^a), Zhang Hong-Na^a), Yu Bo^c)

Profiles of RMS of temperature difference fluctuations for different fluid flows. (a) VBF flows at different We numbers ( Re _τ = 180) and (b) VFBN flows with different volume fractions of nanoparticles ( Re _τ = 180).