Direct numerical simulation of viscoelastic-fluid-based nanofluid turbulent channel flow with heat transfer

Yang Juan-Cheng^a),^b), Li Feng-Chen†^a), Cai Wei-Hua^a), Zhang Hong-Na^a), Yu Bo^c)

Instantaneous distributions of the near-wall low-speed streaks for three typical cases in the x – z plane at y ⁺ = 4.1. (a) BF1-N, (b) VBF1-N, and (c) VFBN3-N.