Uncovering the underlying physical mechanisms of biological systems via quantification of landscape and flux

Xu Li^{1, †,}, Chu Xiakun¹, Yan Zhiqiang¹, Zheng Xiliang¹, Zhang Kun¹, Zhang Feng¹, Yan Han¹, Wu Wei¹, Wang Jin^{1, 2, ‡,}

The three-dimensional nonequilibrium landscape including the gradient path (white line) and the irreversible dominant transition pathways between the basinsSandS′(purple lines). Here,Ŝdenotes the saddle point andŜ′denotes “the global maximum along the dominant path”.^[167]