Tip-splitting instability in directional solidification based on bias field method
You Jia-Xue, Wang Zhi-Jun, Li Jun-Jie, Wang Jin-Cheng†
       
(a) Distribution of the Gibbs–Thomson interface potential versus μ = z / b for viscous finger cellular growth. (b) Tangential energy flux magnitude driven by the tangential gradients of the interface potential. (c) Normal energy flux magnitude associated with energy conservation on the interface. Energy accumulation on the interface is the (negative) divergence of the tangential capillary flux vector.