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Abstract The formidable challenge of developing high-performance battery system stems from the complication of battery operations, both mechanically and electronically. In the electrodes and at the electrode-electrolyte interfaces, chemical reactions take place with evolving electron states. In addition to the extensive studies of material synthesis, electrochemical, structural, and mechanical properties, soft x-ray spectroscopy provides unique opportunities for revealing the critical electron states in batteries. This review discusses some of the recent soft x-ray spectroscopic results on battery binder, transition-metal based positive electrodes, and the solid-electrolyte-interphase. By virtue of soft x-ray's sensitivity to electron states, the electronic property, the redox during electrochemical operations, and the chemical species of the interphases could be fingerprinted by soft x-ray spectroscopy. Understanding and innovating battery technologies need a multimodal approach, and soft x-ray spectroscopy is one of the incisive tools to probe the chemical and physical evolutions in batteries.
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Received: 21 June 2015
Revised: 14 July 2015
Accepted manuscript online:
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PACS:
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71.90.+q
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(Other topics in electronic structure)
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Corresponding Authors:
Wanli Yang
E-mail: wlyang@lbl.gov
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Cite this article:
Wanli Yang(杨万里) and Ruimin Qiao(乔瑞敏) Soft x-ray spectroscopy for probing electronic and chemical states of battery materials 2016 Chin. Phys. B 25 017104
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